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+===================================================+
+======= Testing Techniques Newsletter (TTN) =======+
+======= ON-LINE EDITION =======+
+======= January 1999 =======+
+===================================================+
TESTING TECHNIQUES NEWSLETTER (TTN), Online Edition, is E-mailed monthly
to support the Software Research, Inc. (SR)/TestWorks user community and
to provide information of general use to the worldwide software quality
and testing community.
Permission to copy and/or re-distribute is granted, and secondary
circulation is encouraged by recipients of TTN-Online provided that the
entire document/file is kept intact and this complete copyright notice
appears with it in all copies. (c) Copyright 2003 by Software Research,
Inc.
========================================================================
INSIDE THIS ISSUE:
o Quality Week '99 (QW'99) & Quality Week Europe '99 (QWE'99)
o Explaining ASQC's CSQE Program, by Linda Westfall
o 17th International System Safety Conference -- Call for
Participation
o Testing Workshop, Part of ICSE99 -- Call for Participation
o European Testing Excellence Award Honors Martin Pol
o TestWorks Product Status and Updates
o BugNet Opts Out of Making Award, Citing Too-Low Quality, by Debby
VanLeeuwen
o Some Interesting Questions, Uh, Conundrums (Conundra?)...
o Response to Basis Path Item, by Malcolm Jenner
o On the Totally Misused Acronym "QA", by Charles C. Howe, CSTE
o Testing Keystones
o New Euro-Speak, forwarded by Walter Baziuk
o Happy Programmers' Day, forwarded by Dirk Craeynest
o CONQUEST'99: Quality Engineering in Software Technology,
Conference Announcement
o TTN-Online Articles Wanted
o TTN SUBMITTAL, SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION
========================================================================
Quality Week '99 (QW99) & Quality Week Europe '99 (QWE'99)
Submissions for QW'99 presentations were at a record high: a total of
184 different paper, quickstart, tutorial and keynote-talk proposals
arrived. We want to thank everyone who submitted a proposal. The QW
team is confident that the 12th Annual International Software Quality
Week '99 (QW'99) will be the strongest and best conference ever.
The final program for QW'99 will be accounted around the end of January.
Complete details for QW'99 will be found at the Conference Website:
<http://www.soft.com/QualWeek/QW99>
It's not too early to think about your plans for the 3rd International
Software Quality Week Europe '99, set for 1-5 November 1999 in
Brussels, Belgium. You can get details about QWE'99 at its Conference
WebSite:
<http://www.soft.com/QualWeek/QWE99>
All questions about QW'99 or QWE'99 can be answered by sending Email to
.
========================================================================
Explaining ASQC's CSQE Program
by
Linda Westfall
I am writing in reference to the following reader's suggestions in the
December 1998 On-Line Edition of the Testing Techniques Newsletter
"A suggestion would be to raise the issue of the broader
definition of QA such that the industry -- especially IT/DP shops
and the recruiters and HR folks who advertise for them -- stops
limiting QA to testing only. I find this to be a disservice to
efforts to improve understanding about quality. And I think,
truthfully, it trivializes testing's role/value as more value-
added than just bug finding."
Scott P. Duncan
SoftQual Consulting
<http://www.mindspring.com/~softqual/>
I would like to refer Scott and your readers to the extensive work that
has been done by the American Society for Quality and their Software
Division to define the profession of Software Quality Engineering as
part of the creation process for the Certified Software Quality Engineer
(CSQE) certification.
The first major step in the certification process is creating and
validating the Job Analysis. The Job Analysis defines the major tasks
that a certified individual would be expected to be able to perform and
the associated knowledge and skill set.
The Software Division contracted with Educational Testing Services (ETS)
to facilitate the Job Analysis and provide the final Job Analysis
report. The Job Analysis starts with the search of the literature and
the creation of an initial Job Analysis instrument (questionnaire). ETS
then conducted telephone interviews with members of the Job Analysis
Contact Group, consisting of 12 industry experts in the Software Quality
Engineering discipline, to obtain their input into the initial Job
Analysis instrument. The Job Analysis Advisory Committee, consisting of
12 experienced Software Quality Engineering practitioners came together
for a two day meeting where they review and finalize the Job Analysis
instrument. A Pilot Test Group then reviewed the instrument for clarity
of directions, time required to complete the survey and understanding of
the rating process. The initial CSQE Job Analysis Questionnaire was
sent to 1700 practitioners. Results were statistically analyzed to
determine what should be included in the CSQE Body of Knowledge. In May
1995, the new CSQE certification was approved by the Software Division
Executive Council, and the ASQ Certification Board, Professional
Development Council and Board of Directors. The pilot examination was
given on April 20, 1996 and the first full offering was given on October
19, 1996.
The Body of knowledge for the CSQE certification includes the following
major categories with two more levels of detailed definition under each
category:
General Knowledge, Conduct & Ethics
Software Quality Management
Software Process
Software Project Management
Software Inspection, Testing, Verification and Validation
Software Audits
Software Metrics, Measures and Analytical Methods
Software Configuration Management
For additional information on the CSQE certification or to view a copy
of the CSQE Body of Knowledge see
<http://www.asq.org/standcert/certification/csqe1.html>.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ASQ: Founded in 1946, the American Society for Quality (ASQ) provides a
variety of professional, educational, and informational programs
reflecting the changing needs of business and industry. Headquarters in
Milwaukee, WI, USA, ASQ has been the leading quality improvement
organization in the United States for 50 years. The Society is composed
of more than 135,000 individual members and 1,000 sustaining members
worldwide.
ASQ's Software Division: The Software Division is composed of more than
5,000 members and includes software quality professionals and software
engineers interested in applying quality principles to the field of
software development. The mission of the Software Division is to
improve the ability of individuals and organizations to satisfy their
customers with quality software products and services through education,
communication, research, outreach, and professional development.
For more information about ASQ and the Software Division write to 611 E.
Wisconsin Avenue, PO Box 3005, Milwaukee, WI 53201-3005; phone
800-248-1946 or (414)272-8575; or fax (414)272-1734. Or visit the ASQ
web site at www.asqc.org or the Software Division web site at
www.asq.org/about/divtech/softdiv/swqweb.html.
Linda Westfall
The Westfall Group
3000 Custer Road, Suite 270
Plano, TX 75075-4499
972-867-1172
westfall@idt.net
========================================================================
17th International System Safety Conference
The deadline for submitting an abstract for the 17th International
System Safety Conference is just a few days away. The published
deadline is 15 Jan 1999.
Details on the conference and requirements for submitting an abstract
are available at:
<http://www.system-safety.org/Conference99/Orlando99.htm>
If you are interested in presenting a paper at the conference, please
submit your abstract by the 15 Jan 99 or contact me at:
ISSC1999@yahoo.com
as soon as possible and inform me of your intention to submit an
abstract.
Jack Dixon
Technical Program Chairman
17th International System Safety Conference
========================================================================
Call for Participation
Workshop on Testing Distributed Component-Based Systems
<http://www.siemens.com/ICSE99workshop/>
Los Angeles, California, May 17, 1999
Affiliated with ICSE 99
Overview
This workshop deals with new advances in test methods and test
technologies for the emerging class of distributed component-based
systems that are built on basis of middleware software like COM, CORBA,
or Java RMI, including systems comprising Commercial-Off-The-Shelf
components. The workshop will discuss what efforts in software
technology and research are required to cope with testing such systems
and will provide a forum for the exchange of experiences and first
results on this topic.
Important Dates:
March 21, 1999: Submission of a position paper
April 9, 1999: Notification of acceptance
May 17, 1999: Workshop
Organizers:
Dr. Andreas Ulrich, Dr. Peter Zimmerer
Siemens AG, ZT SE 1, 81730 Munich GERMANY
andreas.ulrich@mchp.siemens.de, peter.zimmerer@mchp.siemens.de
========================================================================
European Testing Excellence Award Honors Martin Pol
The European Testing Excellence Award, the testers' Oscar, was presented
for the first time to Martin Pol in December 1998.
At the awards banquet Martin Pol was announced as the winner and the
crystal bowl was presented to him. Bob Hinckley, vice-president of IBM
(USA) and responsible for IBM's total global testing programme flew in
for the occasion.
First Bob Hinckley explained the election process: an international
panel of test experts had selected a short list of six finalists from
the total set of nominations for the award. The next step had been to
decide on the winner. This time this was not a difficult thing to be
accomplished, since the panel were unanimous in their judgement: the
winner is a man who has plaid a vital role in testing in Europe. Martin
Pol's roots are in the Netherlands. His activities have resulted in an
enormous increase in test awareness. He is the (co-)author of books and
articles on testing. He is a speaker at national and international
conferences and seminars, and he organizes them both in his own country
and abroad. He teaches test management and test process improvement
courses. Martin encourages research in the area of testing and he is
responsible for the R&D activities of a large Dutch IT supplier. In 1997
he founded the Dutch SIG for testing professionals, TestNet, now
consisting of 365 members. But his most striking characteristic amongst
all these features, says Bob Hinckley, is the personal enthusiasm with
which he carries out all this.
The Dutch testing community is very happy and proud that our own 'Mr
Testing' has won this award. We hope that for many more years to come we
may profit from Martin Pol's knowledge, practical experience,
inspiration and enthusiasm.
Software Research Institute was one of Dr. Pol's recommenders and we are
pleased to have Dr. Pol on the QWE'98 Advisory Board and on the QW'99
Advisory Board. The Institute offers him our sincere congratulations.
========================================================================
TestWorks Product Status and Updates
Major product releases and upgrades are noted in the "What's New"
section of our Website. Here is a summary of recent changes:
o TCAT/C-C++ for Windows has been upgraded to provide support for
MicroSoft Visual C++ Ver. 6. TCAT/C-C++ now supports both Ver. 5
and Ver. 6 (there are two separate downloads depending on which
compiler you use because the installations are slightly different
depending on the compiler).
o TCAT for Java has been upgraded to be better integrated with
Microsoft's Visual Java J++ Ver. 6.
o The license software for all of the Windows Products (CAPBAK,
SMARTS, TCAT/C-C++ and TCAT for Java) has been reorganized to make
management of the keys simpler. All of the keys for any
combination of TestWorks products can now reside in a single
directory.
o Regular public product training weeks are now set for:
15-19 February 1999
12-16 April 1999
For complete details including day-by-day course descriptions
please check the website pages at:
<http://www.soft.com/Training/index.html>
========================================================================
BugNet Opts Out Of Making Award
Citing Too-Low Quality
Greetings from BugNet. Because of the abysmal bug performance of the PC
industry in 1998, BugNet has decided NOT to present its Annual Award for
the best bug/fix performance.
For a blistering review of the industry's 1998 fubars, check out
<http://www.bugnet.com/analysis/no_award.html>
Debby VanLeeuwen
BugNet
========================================================================
SOME INTERESTING QUESTIONS, UH, CONUNDRUMS (CONUNDRA?)...
A bus station is where a bus stops. A train station is where a train
stops. On my desk I have a work station...
Can atheists get insurance for acts of God?
If Fed Ex and UPS were to merge, would they call it FedUP?
Does fuzzy logic tickle?
If they arrested the Energizer Bunny, would they charge it with battery?
I believe five out of four people have trouble with fractions.
How come you never hear about gruntled employees?
I don't have a solution, but I admire your problem.
If a tin whistle is made out of tin (and it is), then what, exactly,is a
fog horn made out of?
If quitters never win, and winners never quit, what fool came up with,
"Quit while you're ahead"?
Okay, who stopped the payment on my reality check?
I believe the only time the world beats a path to my door is when I'm in
the bathroom.
Do Lipton employees take coffee breaks?
What hair color do they put on the driver's licenses of bald men?
What WAS the best thing before sliced bread?
If it's zero degrees outside today and it's supposed to be twice as cold
tomorrow, how cold is it going to be?
Since Americans throw rice at weddings, do Orientals throw hamburgers?
Why are they called apartments, when they're all stuck together?
Why is a carrot more orange than an orange?
Why do they call it the Department of Interior when they are in charge
of everything outdoors?
Tell a man that there are 400 billion stars and he'll believe you. Tell
him a bench has wet paint and he has to touch it.
Why do we wait until a pig is dead to "cure" it?
Why doesn't glue stick to the inside of the bottle?
Do Roman paramedics refer to IV's as "4's"?
Whatever happened to Absorbine Senior?
========================================================================
Response To Basis Path Item
Dear TTN,
The comments about Structured Basis Testing in TTN-Online December 1998
seem to be based on a misunderstanding of what Structured Basis Testing
is intended to achieve. In both the examples given the Cyclomatic
Complexity is correctly calculated at 3, and in both cases this is the
minimum number of test cases required to give 100% for both Statement
Coverage and Decision/Condition Coverage. However, to achieve 100% for
the more stringent requirement of Decision/Condition/Combination
Coverage, then 4 tests are required.
Malcolm S Jenner
Senior Lecturer
School of Computing & IT
University of Wolverhampton
========================================================================
On the Totally Misused Acronym "QA"
by
Charles C. Howe, CSTE
Please include my ideas on the totally misused acronym QA in TTN Online.
I totally agree with most of the industry practitioners that have
replied regarding the misuse of the QA acronym. The IT/DP recruiters are
probably the worst of the pack, but surprisingly enough look at the
majority of the corporations looking for "QA Testers".
I cut my teeth on QA (quality assurance) in 15 years of consulting in
commercial nuclear power plants. Here is the breakdown of the QA arena
in such an environment.
QA is the organization that sets the rules. How a program will be
written, what language, what functions, what reports, who will own it,
who will test it, who will QC it, who will maintain it and who will
retire it. These functions are outlined and documented by QA engineers.
These engineers will also assist the quality control department and the
configuration management department in complying with the software
quality plan.
QC are the personnel that act as the investigators that insure all
requirements are followed in the software development cycle. NOT ONLY
TESTERS. The QC person will compare the requirements specification with
a test specification, then test it to make sure it is compliant. The QC
stands for quality control and that is what they do - control the
quality in a product.
Configuration management is the keepers of the keys or gatekeepers, if
you will. the CM crew will perform configuration identification, life
cycle change control, version control and audit the configuration items.
All of the aforementioned high level tasks are all started with the
quality assurance department. The software quality assurance plan will
stipulate the how, when and where of the entire organization.
My position of National QA Practice Manager has "training the customer"
as one of our goals. Our internal training program teaches all new hires
and clients the three facets of our QA practice. I became real tired of
griping about the misuses of the QA acronym, so I set out to make a
difference in our company and maybe the world. Don't make the mistake of
getting mad, just get teaching!
========================================================================
Testing Keystones
(These are "Software Testing Keystones" as expressed by Motorola, Inc.
These goals were established as part of Motorola's Six Sigma program.)
1. Do you have a program for reducing product developyment cycle time,
through reduction in testing time?
2. Do you ahve specific goals for improving product quality by
increasing testing effectiveness?
3. Is senior-level and project-level management informed and committed
to improving testing activities?
4. Are you regularly reviewing your testing technology roadmap, and
taking action?
5. Are you effectively utilizing state-of-the-art testing automation
tools?
6. Are you keeping aware of current and future testing practices,
especially those of your competitors?
7. Do you have a documented "As-Is" and "Should-Be" proudct development
process, and is it used to direct testing improvements?
8. Have you defined, and do you use, testing specific metrics to direct
your improvement programs?
========================================================================
NEW EURO-SPEAK
Contributed by: Walter Baziuk"
who points out that this is
"politically incorrect."
The European Commission on the European Unification (EU) just announced
an agreement whereby English will be the official language of the EU
rather than German, which was the other possibility. As part of the
negotiations, Her Majesty's government conceded that English spelling
had some room for improvement and has accepted a five-year phase-in plan
that would be known as "EuroEnglish."
In the first year, "s" will replace the soft "c." Sertainly, this will
make the sivil servants jump with joy. The hard "c" will be dropped in
favor of the "k." This should klear up konfusion and keyboards kan have
less letters. There will be growing publik enthusiasm in the sekond
year, when the troublesome "ph" will be replaced with the "f." This will
make words like "fotograf" 20% shorter.
In the third year, publik akseptanse of the new spelling kan be expekted
to reach the stage where more komplikated changes are possible.
Governments will enkourage the removal of double letters, which have
always ben a deterent to akurate speling. Also, al wil agre that the
horible mes of the silent "e"'s in the language is disgrasful, and they
should go away.
By the 4th year, peopl wil be reseptiv to steps such as replasing "th"
with "z" and "w" with "v." During ze fif year, ze unesesary "o" kan be
dropd from vords kontaining "ou" and similar changes vud of kors be
aplid to ozer kombinazuns of leters. After ze fifz yer, ve vil hav a
veri sensibl riten styl. Zer vil be no mor trubls or difikultis and
evrivun vil find it ezi tu unerstan ech ozer.
========================================================================
HAPPY PROGRAMMERS' DAY
For those of you involved in producing software that actually works
well: Happy Programmers' Day!
For several years people have suggested to nominate December 10th, the
birthday of Augusta Ada Lovelace, as the international programmers'
holiday in honour of the world's first programmer.
Appended below is a fragment on the historical figure Ada, taken from
the book "Programming and Problem Solving with Ada", and posted last
year by one of this book's authors.
Get the word out that 10 December 1999, Ada's birthday, is a day for
programmers and other computing people to celebrate.
Regards,
Dirk Craeynest (Dirk.Craeynest@cs.kuleuven.ac.be for Ada-Belgium e-mail)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
From: John McCormick
Subject: Happy Birthday Ada!
On December 10, 1815, Anna Isabella (Annabella) Byron, whose husband was
Lord Byron, gave birth to a daughter, Augusta Ada. Ada's father was a
romantic poet whose fame derived not only from his works but also from
his wild and scandalous behavior. His marriage to Annabella was
strained from the beginning, and Annabella left Byron just a little more
than a month after Ada was born. By April of that year, Annabella and
Byron signed separation papers, and Byron left England, never to return.
Byron's writings show that he greatly regretted that he was unable to
see his daughter. In one poem, for example, he wrote of Ada,
I see thee not. I hear thee not.
But none can be so rapt in thee.
Byron died in Greece, at the age of 36, and one of the last things he
said was,
Oh my poor dear child! My dear Ada! My God,
could I but have seen her!
Meanwhile, Annabella, who was eventually to become a baroness in her own
right, and who was herself educated as both a mathematician and a poet,
carried on with Ada's upbringing and education. Annabella gave Ada her
first instruction in mathematics, but it soon became clear that Ada's
gift for the subject was such that it required more extensive tutoring.
Ada received further training in mathematics from Augustus DeMorgan, who
is today famous for one of the basic theorems of Boolean Algebra which
forms the basis for modern computers. By the age of eight, Ada had also
demonstrated an interest in mechanical devices and was building detailed
model boats.
When she was 18, Ada visited the Mechanics Institute to hear Dr.
Dionysius Lardner's lectures on the "difference engine," a mechanical
calculating machine being built by Charles Babbage. She became so
interested in the device that she arranged to be introduced to Babbage.
It was said that, upon seeing Babbage's machine, Ada was the only person
in the room to immediately understand how it worked and to appreciate
its significance.
Ada and Babbage became good friends and she worked with him for the rest
of her life, helping to document his designs, translating writings about
his work, and developing programs to be used on his machines.
Unfortunately, Babbage never completed construction of any of his
designs. Even so, Ada is today recognized as being the first computer
programmer in history. That title, however, does not do full justice to
her genius.
Around the time that Babbage met Ada, he began the design for an even
more ambitious machine, called the analytical engine, which we now
recognize was the first programmable computer. Ada instantly grasped
the implications of the device, and foresaw its application in ways that
even Babbage did not imagine. Ada believed that mathematics would
eventually develop into a system of symbols that could be used to
represent anything in the universe. From her notes, it is clear that
Ada saw that the analytical engine could go beyond arithmetic
computations and become a general manipulator of symbols, and thus would
be capable of almost anything. She even suggested that such a device
could eventually be programmed with rules of harmony and composition so
that it could produce "scientific" music. In effect, Ada foresaw the
field of artificial intelligence over 150 years ago.
In 1842, Babbage went to Turin, Italy, and gave a series of lectures on
his analytical engine. One of the attendees was Luigi Menabrea, who was
so impressed that he wrote an account of Babbage's lectures. At age 27,
Ada decided to translate the account into English, with the intent to
add a few of her own notes about the machine. In the end, her notes
were twice as long as the original material, and the document, "The
Sketch of the Analytical Engine," became the definitive work on the
subject.
It is obvious from Ada's letters that her "notes" were entirely her own
and that Babbage was acting as a sometimes unappreciated editor. At one
point, Ada wrote to him,
I am much annoyed at your having altered my Note.
You know I am always willing to make any required
alterations myself, but that I cannot endure
another person to meddle with my sentences.
Ada gained the title Countess of Lovelace when she married Lord William
Lovelace. The couple had three children, but Ada was so consumed by her
love of mathematics that she left their upbringing to her mother. For a
woman of that day, such behavior was considered almost as scandalous as
some of her father's exploits, but her husband was actually quite
supportive of her work.
In 1852, Ada died from cervical cancer. Sadly, if she had lived just
one year longer, she would have witnessed the unveiling of a working
difference engine built from one of Babbage's designs by George and
Edward Scheutz in Sweden. Like her father, Ada lived only until she was
36, and even though they led much different lives, she undoubtedly
admired Byron and took inspiration from his unconventional and
rebellious nature. At the end, Ada asked to be buried beside him at the
family's estate.
Taken from "Programming and Problem Solving with Ada", by Dale, Weems,
and McCormick, Jones and Bartlett, 1997
========================================================================
CONQUEST '99
Conference on Quality Engineering in Software Technology
CALL FOR PAPERS
27-28 September, 1999 in Nuremberg, Germany,
Georg-Simon-Ohm-Fachhochschule
Objectives
The ASQF is a regional group of software professionals whose aims are:
to promote discussion and raise awareness of the important role software
quality has to play in the wider community; to foster exchange of
experience amongst software developers and quality managers; to underpin
the sharing of knowledge between software developers from industry,
research institutions and academia; and to encourage publication in the
field of software quality.
In support of these goals the ASQF, in collaboration with the
Fachhochschule N|rnberg and Working Group 2.1.7 "test, analysis and
verification" of the Gesellschaft f|r Informatik e.V. (GI), holds an
annual conference on "Quality Engineering in Software Technology".
Contributions
Papers are invited that have a strong emphasis on Software Quality,
whether practical or theoretical. These should take the form of a 30
minute talk (incl. discussion). Presentations relating experience from
industry will be especially welcome.
Key Dates
15 April 1999 Deadline for the submission of full papers
30 June 1999 Notification of acceptance or rejection
31 July 1999 Final submission date for camera-ready papers
Contact
CONQUEST '99
Wetterkreuz 19a
D - 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Tel: +49 9131 7701-341
Fax: +49 9131 7701-344
Email: conquest@asqf.de
WWW: <http://www.asqf.de>
========================================================================
TTN-Online Articles Wanted
TTN-Online, sent to over 5000 subscribers worldwide, is seeking articles
about testing, quality technology, and test automation.
If you have a pet story about testing, a gripe about what quality
assurance quality control is all about, or a sage observation you think
ought to be shared with the community, I urge you to compose your item
and forward for possible inclusion in a future issue of TTN-Online.
Articles should be in pure-ASCII format and should include an
authorization to print/re-print.
Best wishes,
Edward Miller
TTN-Online Publisher
Send articles to info@soft.com or to miller@soft.com
========================================================================
------------>>> TTN SUBMITTAL POLICY <<<------------
========================================================================
The TTN Online Edition is E-mailed around the 15th of each month to
subscribers worldwide. To have your event listed in an upcoming issue
E-mail a complete description and full details of your Call for Papers
or Call for Participation to "ttn@soft.com".
TTN On-Line's submittal policy is as follows:
o Submission deadlines indicated in "Calls for Papers" should provide at
least a 1-month lead time from the TTN On-Line issue date. For
example, submission deadlines for "Calls for Papers" in the January
issue of TTN On-Line would be for February and beyond.
o Length of submitted non-calendar items should not exceed 350 lines
(about four pages). Longer articles are OK and may be serialized.
o Length of submitted calendar items should not exceed 60 lines (one
page).
o Publication of submitted items is determined by Software Research,
Inc. and may be edited for style and content as necessary.
DISCLAIMER: Articles and items are the opinions of their authors or
submitters; TTN-Online disclaims any responsibility for their content.
TRADEMARKS: STW, TestWorks, CAPBAK, SMARTS, EXDIFF, Xdemo, Xvirtual,
Xflight, STW/Regression, STW/Coverage, STW/Advisor, TCAT, TCAT-PATH, T-
SCOPE and the SR logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of
Software Research, Inc. All other systems are either trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective companies.
========================================================================
----------------->>> TTN SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION <<<-----------------
========================================================================
To SUBSCRIBE to TTN-Online, to CANCEL a current subscription, to CHANGE
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an article, use the convenient Subscribe/Unsubscribe facility at
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QUALITY TECHNIQUES NEWSLETTER
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## End ##